Negative speech for legalization of divorce Essay

A divorce formally dissolves a legal marriage. While married couples do not possess a constitutional or legal right to divorce, states permit divorces because to do so best serves public policy. To ensure that a particular divorce serves public policy interests, some states require a â€Å"cooling-off period,† which prescribes a time period after legal separation that spouses must bear before they can initiate divorce proceedings. Courts in the United States currently recognize two types of divorces: absolute divorce, known as â€Å"divorce a vinculo matrimonii† and limited divorce, known as â€Å"divorce a menso et thoro†. To obtain an absolute divorce, courts require some type of evidentiary showing of misconduct or wrongdoing on one spouse’s part. An absolute divorce is a judicial termination of a legal marriage. An absolute divorce results in the changing back of both parties’ statuses to single. Limited divorces are typically referred to as separation decrees. Limited divorces result in termination of the right to cohabitate but the court refrains from officially dissolving the marriage and the parties’ statuses remain unchanged. Some states permit conversion divorce. Conversion divorce transforms a legal separation into a legal divorce after both parties have been separated for a statutorily-prescribed period of time. Many states have enacted no-fault divorce statutes. No fault divorce statutes do not require showing spousal misconduct and are a response to outdated divorce statutes that require proof of adultery or some other unsavory act in a court of law by the divorcing party. Nevertheless, even today, not all states have enacted no fault divorce statutes. Instead, the court must only find 1) that the relationship is no longer viable, 2) that irreconcilable differences have caused an irremediable breakdown of the marriage, 3) that discord or conflict of personalities have destroyed the legit ends of the marital relationship and prevents any reasonable possibility of reconciliation, or 4) that the marriage is irretrievably broken. Look to various state laws to determine the divorce law within a particular jurisdiction. The Uniform Marriage and Divorce Act may provide further guidance. PROPERTY DIVISION Following a divorce, the court must divide the property between the spouses. Before legislatures equalized property allocation between both spouses, many divorce statutes substantially favored property allocation to the wage-earning spouse. These statutes greatly disadvantaged women disproportionately because during the 18th, 19th, and early-20th centuries, the participation of women in the workplace was much less than it has become during the latter-half of the 20th century and early part of the 21st century. The statutes failed to account for the contributions of the spouse as homemaker and child-raiser. Modern courts recognize two different types of property during property division proceedings – marital property and separate property. Marital property constitutes any property that the spouses acquire individually or jointly during the course of marriage. Separate property constitutes any property that one spouse purchased and possessed prior to the marriage and that did not substantially change in value during the course of the marriage because of the efforts of one or both spouses. If the separate property-owning spouse trades the property for other property or sells the property, the newly-acquired property or funds in consideration of the sale remain separate property. Modern division of property statutes strive for an equitable division of the marital assets. An equitable division does not necessarily involve an equal division but rather an allocation that comports with fairness and justice after a consideration of the totality of the circumstances. By dividing the assets equitably, a judge endeavors to effect the final separation of the parties and to enable both parties to start their post-marital lives with some degree of financial self-sufficiency. While various jurisdictions permit recognition of different factors, most courts at least recognize the following factors: contribution to the accumulation of marital property, the respective parties’ liabilities, whether one spouse received income-producing property while the other did not, the duration of the marriage, the age and health of the respective parties, the earning capacity and employability of the respective parties, the value of each party’s separate property, the pension and retirement rights of each party, whether one party will receive custodial and child support provisions, the respective contributions of the spouses as a homemaker and as a parent, the tax consequences of the allocations, and whether one spouse’s marital misconduct caused the divorce. Most jurisdictions also give the family court judge broad jurisdiction by providing judges with the right to consider any other just and proper factor. When assigning property, judges cannot trans fer the separate property of one spouse to another spouse without the legislature having previously passed an enabling statute. Whether such an enabling statute exists varies between jurisdictions. Alimony refers to payments from one spouse to the other. A court can order one spouse to pay three different types of alimony – permanent alimony, temporary alimony, and rehabilitative alimony. Permanent alimony requires the payer to continue paying either for the rest of the payer’s life or until the spouse receiving payments remarries. Temporary alimony requires payments over a short interval of time so that the payment recipient can stand alone once again. The period of time covers the length of the property division litigation. Similar to temporary alimony, rehabilitative alimony requires the payer to give the recipient short-term alimony after the property division proceedings have concluded. Rehabilitative alimony endeavors to help a spouse with lesser employability or earning capacity become adjusted to a new post-marital life. Courts allocate alimony with the intention of permitting a spouse to maintain the standard of living to which the spouse has become accustomed. Factors affecting whether the court awards alimony include the marriage’s length, the length of separation before divorce, the parties’ ages, the parties’ respective incomes, the parties’ future financial prospects, the health of the parties, and the parties’ respective faults in causing the marriage’s demise. If a couple had children together while married, a court may require one spouse to pay child support to the spouse with custody, but one should note that alimony and child support differ.

Movie Scene Evaluation

Movie Scene Evaluation Project Analysis 1) Apply all eight Elements of Interpersonal Communication to you scene. The clip illustrates a very good example of interpersonal communication. In this clip Alpachino (The Blind man) is the major source (encoder) in interpersonal communication. Charlie (Suspect/Witness), Dean, Willis Jr. , disciplinary committee and the student body are the decoders of the messages. The crowd is astounded by the encoder and gave a positive timely feedback which gave confident to the speaker to give the speech boldly.The bridge (channel) connecting the sender and the receiver is primarily verbal (vocal-auditory channel). Since the speaker in the scene is blind therefore there are not many visible facial gestures but the vocal tone (the highs and the lows) of the speaker compensates for his impairment. Sender’s blindness acts as the gatekeeper in this clip. The actor delivered the speech so well that his impairment (blindness) never obstructs to communic ate with people around him effectively.However, there is a little but effective use of hands to convey his message to the receivers. There is a little hint of psychological noise in the scene too, which is evident since the Dean does not want to hear the elevated and harsh tone of Frank. The context of the scene is in temporal and social-psychological dimension. The gravity of the situation forced the speaker in the clip to take an action in a harsh manner and the relation that had developed between Frank and Charles shows the social-psychological dimension.The clip also consist the element of ethics in it since Frank defended the innocent (Charles). The speaker with his high level of interpersonal competence convinces everyone in the hall to let justice prevail. 2) How do we see one of the 7 principles of Communication used in this scene? The clip is pretty rich in covering the principles of communication. However, the most obvious of them all is the purposefulness of interpersonal communication.Five such purposes can be identified in the scene; to learn- through interpersonal communication everyone in the scene learnt about justice; to relate- speakers closeness to Charlie(defendant) is evident through his words to defend him; to influence- the speaker through his word of justice persuaded and influenced everyone present in the event; to play- a formal outlay of the scene doesn’t introduces the element of playfulness; but the concept of help is pretty obvious in the form that the speaker is helping through his word to convince the jury and defend the Charles. ) Were your characters from individualistic or collectivist cultures? Explain how their characters affected the way they acted towards each other. The attitudes and behavior that are characteristics of a particular social group or organization defines culture. Frank the main speaker in the clip encultured rules, regulation, discipline and self obsession from army in his past which makes him lean towards individualistic culture but in his speech to support Charles he presents the tendency of collectivist culture.Whereas, Charles accultured tameness and shyness since he belonged to a hardworking middle class family which is evident throughout the movie and in and the clip as well. The Dean here shows the tendencies of individualistic culture since he portrays power, authority and discipline. Therefore, Frank and Dean throughout the clip talk aggressively, whereas, Charles act in a timid manner. 4) What is a stereotype, and what stereotypes are present in your scene? Stereotype is a fixed impression of a group of people.Stereotyping is not very evident in this particular clip but giving a verdict only on Charles whether intentionally or unintentionally by the Dean could be characterized as stereotyping. Another example of stereotyping is by Frank (Alpachino) where forms an impression about Charle’s peers involved in prank played against the Dean as rich parent’s spoiled brats. 5) Apply four parts of Johari Window to one of the character in your scene? Frank (Alpachino) is a confident, blunt and a straightforward retired army man is his openself.His hidden self is his remaining dreams for an adventure during the movie which he later reveals to Charles on the trip to New York. Franks explicit expression could be defined as his blindself since he doesn’t realize how the other person could be affected by his words and actions that he says and delivers. In the movie several times it can be seen that Franck experiences mood swings which is his unknown self, neither he nor anyone else talk about it but the audience watching the movie can identify it. 6) What is self-serving bias and explain how one character used it in your scene.When we take credit for the positive and deny responsibility for the negative is called self-serving bias. In this particular scene Mr. Willis Jr. knowing he is responsible for the prank played on the dean, denies, lying to save himself that he was present at the location but did not have his contact lens on, therefore, could not see and referred Dean, Charles being present at the location. 7) How could your characters have increased the accuracy of their impression formation? In my opinion the only person in the scene who would need accuracy in impression formation would be the Dean.He needs to look into ‘ANALYZE IMPRESSION’ by avoiding early conclusions on the basis of his observations and â€Å"REDUCE UNCERTAINIY† by learning about a person through others; in this case about Charles. 8) Apply all 5 stages of the process of listening to the scene in you movie. Since this scene mirrors court room scene which is formal and disciplined thus there is almost no noise present in the clip and the receiving of the message is very clear which helps the student, disciplinary committee, Dean and the suspects understand interpersonal communication easily.The remembering stage is onl y restricted to temporal dimension since it’s on short term basis but its impact would have remained in long term memory. Evaluation of the message is pretty easy too since its clear from the speech that Frank is trying to defend Charles. Student’s reaction in form of an applaud towards the speech is the responding. 9) Name a listening barrier that you have witnessed in the scene? Premature Judgment is a listening barrier in this scene. Dean is drawing conclusions on incomplete evidence. He doesn’t want to listen to Frank’s speech and constantly try to stop him.It can be implied from Dean’s facial gestures (non-verbal communication) that he doesn’t want to listen to anything anymore and just want to give the verdict. 10) Based on what we have learned in our class, how could communication have been improved in this scene? Frank(Alpachino) is blind in this scene. I believe the communication could have been much more effective if Frank wasnâ₠¬â„¢t suffering from this impairment. Furthermore, if Dean would have listened to and analyzed the situation indifferently and wouldn’t have formed a premature judgment, it would have taken lesser time to come to a conclusion, thus, improving the communication.

Lack of Fruit or Vegetable Consumption

Food and Nutrition Research Institute (FINER) in 2008, the average Filipino eat less vegetable. Consumption of fruits and vegetables remains low, particularly among children despite of the benefits that can be gained from eating such. Vegetables are significant sources of essential vitamins, particularly vitamin a and c, minerals, ample fiber and . These are needed by the body In order to achieve proper nutrients. Nutritional Inadequacies are a serious problem that most of the people have lack of food supply.Vegetables are very essential to our body especially o the children because it can make their Immune system strong by getting the desired nutrition. One of the problems that we are encountered Is that most of us are not fun of eating vegetables. Other says that they don't Like the taste and the smell of It. Some vegetables possess the taste of being bitter and sour. We are developing product wherein we will eliminate the problem in not eating vegetables but they don't like the ta ste of it and those children are fun of eating candies.Almost every day they take candies as part of the life of a child. We are concern about their health that's why we propose a candy that is made of vegetable. Children are now enjoying eating candy and they can also eat without showing actual vegetables. Objectives There are many contributors to obesity, including excess consumption of â€Å"discretionary calories† (foods high in sugar and fat and low in essential nutrients), lack of fruit/vegetable consumption, and insufficient physical activity.This study contrasted physical activity, fruit/vegetable consumption, and discretionary calorie consumption from selected foods relative to the 2005 dietary guidelines Methodology The study will utilize the descriptive exploratory method of research. Its principal aim Is to describe the nature of situation as It exists at the time of the study and to explore the causes of the particular phenomena. This will adopt to determine how the vegetable may be used as candy through developing it Into product.The study will undergo the following phases: Phase I Inhalant Preparation II Preparation of Needed Materials Ill Formulation of the Product IV Testing Its Acceptability V Packaging/ Marketing Lack of Fruit or Vegetable Consumption By lampooning c, minerals, ample fiber and . These are needed by the body in order to achieve proper nutrients. Nutritional inadequacies are a serious problem that most of the to the children because it can make their immune system strong by getting the desired nutrition.One of the problems that we are encountered is that most of us are not fun of eating vegetables. Other says that they don't like the taste and the smell of it. Some vegetables possess the taste of being bitter and sour. Is to describe the nature of situation as it exists at the time of the study and to the vegetable may be used as candy through developing it into product. The study will undergo the following phases: Phas e I Initial Preparation IV Testing its Acceptability.

MGM465-0801A-05 Business Strategy - Phase 1 Individual Project 2 Essay

MGM465-0801A-05 Business Strategy - Phase 1 Individual Project 2 - Essay Example t question to consider is how to reconcile Ables need for building market share (long-term strategic business objective) with Waldens drive for year-to year quarterly increases in sales and pretax profit (short-term, corporate objective). Both of these are important to have, and they are not mutually exclusive. The company can hold both objectives in high priority provided that they all agree with each other to do so. However, Walden is demonstrating a lack of strategic management. Walden needs to consider strategic management as they move forward. According to Coulter, it is beneficial because â€Å"it gives a role to everyone in an organization to manage strategically, it helps the organization perform well, it helps the organization to effectively cope with the uncertainties in the external and internal environment, and it helps to coordinate various functions and activities† (2005). Strategic management is vital for the long-term success of any organization, and through implementing it, it is believed that the two blending organizations can come to a compromise and each get a great deal of what they are used to and what they want. The second challenge to consider is that Waldens success metrics of head count control, inventory management, inventory turnover, and day’s sales outstanding can be inhibitors to growth vitally needed by Able. It is possible to moderate these functional objectives and make them work for Able. This simply involves removing or raising the ceiling which currently inhibits this growth. For example, head count can still be controlled in larger numbers, inventory can still be managed when there is a lot more inventory to account for, and outstanding daily sales can still be recorded when the dollar figures are higher. Controlling objectives does not necessarily mean containing them. Able can still grow using the same basic framework of Walden’s success metrics, so long as Walden does not squash the growth being sought by Able

(Authors Choice) One Flew over the Cuckoo's Nest discussion and Essay

(Authors Choice) One Flew over the Cuckoo's Nest discussion and summary - Essay Example It turns out that patients in the asylum have no rights and no life of dignity. The ward in the mental institute, where McMurphy gets to, is run by Nurse Ratched, who is a tyrant with sadistic inclinations. She cows and terrorizes the patients, most of whom have admitted the asylum on their own desire. McMurphy sees that many of the patients are not insane and he revolts against Nurse Ratched and her methods of â€Å"treatment† and â€Å"care†. He wants to teach people to be free and happy. In the course of the film, you see that sanity is a matter on question, while nurse Ratched seems to be more abnormal and socially dangerous then most of the patients do. Besides, you can’t get rid of indignation about the humiliating position that the patients of the mental institute are put into, as well as start doubting as to the appropriateness of many methods of treatment and the verity of some diagnosis set. McMurphy finds close friends in the ward. He treats Billy Bibbit, a patient with suicidal syndrome, permanently humiliated and frightened by nurse Ratched, as his younger brother, who needs his support and guard. â€Å"Chief† Bromden, a huge Native American, considered to be deaf and submitted with schizophrenia, becomes McMurphy’s confidant, after he learns that Chief is not deaf and is quite sane. McMurphy decides to treat patients in his own way. He teaches them to enjoy life, playing cards and basketball with them, and taking them fishing on a boat without permission. Having learnt that many of the patients were submitted to the ward voluntarily, he attempts to show them the prerogatives of the free life outside the hospital. Despotic Nurse Ratched starts putting screws on patients. For the first time, they are severely punished by electro shock (which is to be a way of treatment but not punishment). It is surprising that the rest of the staff doesn’t resist the obviously illegal actions of their chief as if everything that

Introduction to Sociology of Religion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Introduction to Sociology of Religion - Essay Example attributed to the fact that, similar to sociological tradition in studying religion, the book shows a sound rationality how religion in society can be related to most of the social institutions and social groups. However, this is not to justify how true or false a religion can be, but instead, narrows the understanding of religion in the social context. Therefore, this book gives a reflection of how the society perceives sociology. It mainly concentrates on the culture of the Americans and how it interacts socially with the other religions and cultures. In a reflection, the different sections in religion can be analyzed through demographics and ethnography cultural perspectives not excluding the modernized political and economic perception to it. It is thus important to indicate that, Johnstone’s effort to simplifying the relations of society and religion is because based on the fact that it needs to be understood well. Therefore, he clarifies on some key issues that drive some sense into most individuals and even groups in evaluating why some of attitudes, social actions and thoughts can be affected by religion (Johnstone 90). Thus, religion can be defined in a variety of ways. The definitions of religion are based on all the previous general definition of religion in the social context. First, religion can be considered to be only the sacred things that happen in life, other than the evils. This is Durkheim’s first definition which gives a difference on how sacred can be viewed differently from the other actions which can still be part of a religion. This definition includes those that are widely accepted by the other sociologists. These sociologists view religion as what exactly life can be and what is more into it after death. This is the broader perception of the whole issue. Another key vital definition of religion in a sociological context is how it relates to religion in supernatural ways. It consist more of interpretation of beliefs that are

Management Communication- Change Management Report Assignment

Management Communication- Change Management Report - Assignment Example ement implementation; and the final step involves any corrective action, which needs to be taken to remove gaps in the process (Lattuch and Young, 2011). The purpose of this project is to discuss ways in which changes in the management of a company can be effectively communicated to the employees. In this case, the company is about to make some changes in the senior level management and some staff will also be added to the organization. These thoughts of change are creating disruptions in workplace conditions as some of the workers fear that this change may affect them adversely. As a result, the workers are losing their confidence in the organization and productivity of the company might be hampered. In this context, the change management planning process, organizational activities as well as communication and implementation tactics are to be discussed. Firstly, there are certain positive changes that the company wants to incorporate. This is only possible if the existing structure of senior management is altered as analysts of the company strongly believe that this will be essential in realizing the new goals. Secondly, organizational development (OD) is expected to be achieved through a humanistic approach by relying on human potential. This is the reason why the company wants to add new human resource to its existing base. Organizational development implies the change, which an organization goes through in order to survive and thrive. Change management for organizational development is the way in which decision makers manage changes that are necessary for facilitating organizational development. The first step of achieving organizational development is to create a well-structured plan for the task. Bullock and Batten (1985) has come up with a four phased model of planned change, which can be broken up into exploration, planning, action and integration. The model includes two broad steps, namely the process of change (describing the way in which an

Love, Sex, and Lies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Love, Sex, and Lies - Essay Example However his selfish thrive towards the riches and the comfort gets him arrested and finally his tragic end. The second movie, An Affair to Remember narrates the story of Nickie Ferrant (played by Cary Grant) and Terry McKay (Deborah Kerr) who fall in love on a ship despite their individual engagements. It is a remake of the 1939’s movie Love Affair by McCarey. The movie was remade more than once. The story is about the union of the lovers despite Terry becoming disabled from an accident. Love, sex and lies play their role in both the movies and help in giving them a shape. In the melodramatic film A Place in the Sun, romance has a strong place especially while depicting the relationship between George and Angela. Initially he dates Al (Shelley Winters), a poor girl who works at the factory of his uncle, against the norms of the company. She is mesmerized by George and being inexperienced, falls in love with him. It is hard to determine who George actually loves because he is more drawn to the light promised by the wealth and luxury he traces in the life of his uncle and the hope of which he finds in his life with Angela, a socialite whom he meets during his outing with Al. However despite his actual intentions, some of the most intense scenes are shot between Angela and George. In one of the cases George says: â€Å"I love you. Ive loved you since the first moment I saw you. I guess maybe Ive even loved you before I saw you†. However it is Al who has fallen in love with George and when she gets pregnant forces him to marry her. Despite his sugg estion for abortion she is poised on her decision and threatens to reveal everything if he does not marry her. It is difficult to gauge whose love is for real because while one runs after money the other is even ready to inflict harm on her lover if he betrays. Angela is perhaps the one who loves George truly and manages to convince her father about their marriage. As the movie unravels one

Personal statement for cambridge University graduate admission Assignment

Personal statement for cambridge University graduate admission - Assignment Example Hopefully working as a business analyst who specializes in corporate governance and due diligence. I should have worked my way up the corporate ladder by the age of 45. I expect to be working as a financial manager for one of the large UK firms by this time. Biding my time until the age of 50 when I see myself as finally landing my dream job of Vice-President of Finance for a major corporation that shall be determined as my career advances. My plans include retiring at the age of 60 while dabbling a bit in non-executive advisory positions on various board of directors for companies I previously worked with. I am honestly looking forward to being able to mentor the up and coming real estate and finance professionals at that time and sharing my wisdom gained from work experience with them. I might even work as a part-time teacher just to keep my financial juices flowing while I am in retirement. After all, it is important to give back to the community by helping to train those who will be the future business titans of New Zealand. Word Count: 300 Question 2 : Reasons for Applying this Course (500 words) My family has a long, deep, professional, and personal relationship with the world of business and Finance. Tracing our roots all the way back to Beijing, China, our family has always excelled in all fields related to banking and finance for more than 3 generations now. Our ancestors have always worked in senior positions in the most respected and leading banking and financial institutions in China. Our most current relatives serve in senior positions in the same industry under some of the biggest banking and finance company names in the region. My parents began their banking and finance careers in Beijing but eventually had an opportunity to work in New Zealand. It was a chance of a lifetime for them and they took it. they currently have thriving careers in the same field in New Zealand at the moment and I am hoping to follow in their inspiring footsteps in the f uture. I am currently part of the third generation of my family that is involved in the business and finance sector aiming for a solid and fruitful career in Finance. Since I still have family members who work in senior finance positions in Beijing, I know that I am on the right track with my decision to pursue advanced studies in finance. They have helped me realize that the world of finance is about to undergo a major change in policies and guidelines in terms of banking, investments, and finance. I need to be prepared for that eventuality by arming myself with the best possible education that I can have which will help me survive that rapid change in the finance sector. I am going to return to China to set up my Asian office and start putting my Asian connections to work in the financial market. Everyone knows that the Asian countries shall be the leaders of the financial world order in the future. I should make sure that I will be a good position to take advantage of the situati on once it finally becomes a reality. This is how I plan to carve my niche in the Asian market. After all, I have the family connections to make it happen, it would be such a waste to not take advantage of it. With the Euro

Agile Software Development Methodologies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Agile Software Development Methodologies - Essay Example This paper presents an overview of the agile software development methodologies. The basic purpose of this research is to show that 'agile software development methodologies' are a superior design method that is why Scrum and XP rapidly emerging frameworks as  methodologies. This software development methodology is simple and much faster than all other traditional software development approaches. Basically, agile software development methodologies are based on iterations. In this scenario, small teams work jointly with other project stakeholders or customer to make out rapid prototypes, proof of concepts, or a wide variety of features in an attempt to classify the issue to be solved. In addition, the project team determines the necessary requirements for the iteration, develops the prototype, creates and runs suitable test scripts, and the user of the system authenticates the results of the tests. In the entire scenario, confirmation appears much earlier in the project development life cycle than it would with other traditional software development methodologies, and as a result allowing stakeholders to change requirements at the same time as they are still moderately painless to change (Serena, 2007; Rehman, ullah, Rauf, & Shahid, 2010). As discussed above, agile software development methodologies adopt the incremental and iterative way to improve the efficiency and usefulness of the overall software development process. ... bt, the customer’s contribution and active participation in the software development process helps software project teams build exact and high quality product. Another most important advantage of agile software development methodologies is that they do not engage a lot of documentation for the reason that the software development team depends almost completely on informal internal communication. In addition, agile software development methodologies offer an excellent support for the implementation of changes and continually revising any other stage of the software development process. Additionally, the outcomes of the agile software development methodologies come out in small incremental editions or releases keeping in mind the changing requirements of the project. If a change has been made to the existing requirements, then it is updated in the next iteration. Thus, the basic goal of agile software development methodologies is to give pleasure to the customers by satisfying t heir requirements at any stage of the project development life cycle (Rehman, ullah, Rauf, & Shahid, 2010; Boehm & Turner, 2003). In addition, the agile software development methodologies are aimed at effectively dealing with the changes throughout the software development process. For instance, agile development methodologies such as SCRUM, Feature-Driven Development, and eXtreme Programming (XP) intend to minimize the expenses of changes all the way through the software development life cycle. In this scenario, XP is based on the quick iterative planning and development cycles with the intention of forcing trade-offs and offering the utmost value characteristics as soon as possible. Also, XP incorporates a wonderful characteristic recognized as â€Å"constant and systemic testing† to

THE ROLE OF RECRUITMENT AND SELECTION STRATEGY IN SUPPORTING EMPLOYEE Essay - 4

THE ROLE OF RECRUITMENT AND SELECTION STRATEGY IN SUPPORTING EMPLOYEE RETENTION WITHIN A COMPLEX INTERNATIONAL LABOUR MARKET - Essay Example The paradox in this situation is that these foreign assignments are highly compensated with hefty perks. Despite some meticulous recruitment procedures, employees still cut short the international tour of duty hence putting to question the nature of the recruitment procedures that are unable to siphon out the restless candidates. Heneman and Judge (2003) describe recruitment as the, â€Å"the process of acquiring, deploying, and retaining a workforce of sufficient quantity and quality to create positive impacts on the organization’s effectiveness† (p. 4). In view of the precarious nature of the international recruitment assignments, most firms out to hire new employees have resorted to demanding a more meticulous selection procedure to eliminate those candidates deemed incapable of surviving the strain and demand of the foreign locations. In this endeavour, the major categories used to garner the correct candidate include the individual’s flexibility; this necessitate the potential employee indicate willingness to endure the expected environmental and social changes in the locale assigned to (Workman, 2008). This criterion has been found to the principal factor other than the usual professional acumen that employers expect from the potential candidates. A hardy employee must demonstrate his willingness to adapt to adverse climatic changes, foreign lingua franca, religious beliefs, changes in social activities, or conflicting nutritional practices. Firms operating in the Middle East, Africa, or the North Sea usually require pot ential employees to express their capability to deal with the anticipated hash conditions required to work in the regions. These include withstanding extremely cruel weather, religious intolerance, no social activities among other adverse conditions which are not suited for the faint-hearted. Employers therefore decisively

Emancipation of slavery Essay Example for Free

Emancipation of slavery Essay The writer reflects the emancipation of slavery and how it influenced the American women. For many Americans (the slave owners), it was not possible to think that what will happen if they no longer owe slaves. It was natural for people who were used to the cheap and easy labour found themselves in the middle of nowhere. The demise of slavery gave rise to a new kind of slavery where woman could sell their body. For writer this idea of selling women seems new, but in many tribal societies around the world, women are still sold and bought. The idea of selling body was loathsome in society that was still Victorian in thinking. The moralist advocated ban on streetwalkers and prostitution; while state sought to legalize the body trade, it was this tussle that continued for decades. For many the idea of selling body was a reminiscent of slavery; but even the law itself was dubious about the prostitution. According to the idealist the prostitution stood as a† social system in which all was for sale†. It was this thinking that made prostitution or women at the edge a social issue. For Southerners slavery and marriage was one and the same thing; while for Northerner slavery and prostitution were one and the same thing. The Southerners were used to slavery and bondage, prostitution for them seemed a kind of outlet where they could vent out their frustration along with economic benefits. For Northerners marriage was a sacred idea hijacked by streetwalkers to lure loyal husbands and sons. The Southerners argued that by recruiting black women as slave prostitutes they are limiting the white prostitution again shows double standard. The Northerners argued that prostitution continued because the lusty men of South wanted it. For abolitionists it was unthinkable to mix market economy and family values together in one place. Ironically both of them used prostitution as deformation, but the reality was far different. The author failed to address the core issue of the North and South. The basic reason of differences between the North and South has been economics. In broader sense the North was rapidly modernizing and South felt threatened by it. Being more viable economically means more powerful, the South was still stuck up to agrarian economy. It was under these circumstances in the South slaves were more important compared to North. Being less modern and less developed the slave prostitutes were a source of income for Jones in the South and they could not give it away easily. For North it became ideological because they were already reaping the benefits of industrlized economy. Even in the modern world, prostitution is done by the poorest of the poor in the society. In present day American society, despite all freedom no one considers prostitution a respectable and honourable way of life. In simple words, the women who practice this profession are doing it out of economic necessity. In modern day America, government is willing to accept the porn industry legally regardless of how women are exploited for sake of huge tax that reaches US$50 billion per year. Thus we can say it’s the market economics that is still ruling American society. Reference Stanely, Amy Dru. From Bondage to Contract.

Internal Communication Audit Example

Internal Communication Audit Example Introduction In general, internal communication refers to any kind of verbal and non-verbal communication between members of an organisation (Neuroni et al., 2008; Welch Jackson, 2007). Furthermore, from a strategic perspective, internal communication can be defined as â€Å"communication between an organisation’s strategic managers and its internal stakeholders, designed to promote commitment to the organisation, a sense of belonging to it, awareness of its changing environment and understanding of its evolving aims† (Welch Jackson, 2007). Bill Quirke, one of leading authorities on internal communication, noted that â€Å"when employees understand their overall role in the business, 91 percent will work towards that success, but the number plummets to 23 percent if they don’t† (Quirke, 2008). This reflection shows that an effective internal communication strategy enables the business to secure the engagement of the employees and subsequently achieve success. A recent study from Towers Watson further supports the fact that internal communication is a key component to the business performance (Towers Watson, 2014). The study concludes that â€Å"companies with high effectiveness in change management and [internal] communication are three and a half times more likely to significantly outperform their industry peers than firms that are not effective in these areas† (Towers Watson, 2014). In today’s world of constant change and evolution, organisations are recognising the need to reshape and strengthen their internal communication strategy and use it as a driver to adapt and manage the continuous change (Melcrum, 2014). Our study will try to examine to what extent the above paradigms apply to the specific context of Capital Horizons, a financial company in Mauritius. Purpose and Objectives of the study Our study will perform an internal communication audit of Capital Horizons, which is a systematic analysis of the all internal communication practices within the company, their alignment with the communication strategy and overall business strategies. The internal communication audit of Capital Horizon will mainly focus on the below objectives: Identification of strengths and weakness of the company’s internal communication system Recommendations for improving the communication system at the company Literature review What is internal communication? In addition to the definitions of internal communication given in the introduction above, there are many other concurrent definitions from scholars and professional in the field of internal communication. One of the most famous definition cited numerous time is that from Frank and Brownell who define it as â€Å"the communications transactions between individuals and/or groups at various levels and in different areas of specialisation that are intended to design and redesign organisations, to implement designs, and to co-ordinate day-to-day activities† (Frank Brownell, 1989). Rachel Miller, from allthingsic.com, has a more simplistic definition of internal communication as â€Å"communication inside an organisation between a company and its audiences.† The internal audiences of a company would include all the stakeholders within the company such as those inferred from Frank and Brownell’s definition of internal communication (Frank Brownell, 1989), that is, the employees, the supervisors, the different levels of managers, the executives and c-level executives. In fact, Welch Jackson categorise the stakeholders of internal communication into four interrelated dimensions, which are â€Å"internal line manager communication, internal team communication, internal peer project communication and internal corporate communication† (Welch Jackson, 2007). Internal communication can be mainly categorised in two forms. The first form is managed communication which is the formal communication channels between the management and the employees. The second form, commonly referred to as â€Å"grapevine†, is the informal communication that takes place among colleagues at the workplace (Welch Jackson, 2007). What is an internal communication audit? Katlin Smith, from Urban Words Group, simply describes an internal communication audit as an exercise that would answer two questions, which are â€Å"What are you communicating?† and â€Å"Are you communications effective?† (Smith, 2014). This implies that the audit will set the basis for a SWOT analysis of the internal communications practice of an organisation and in fact, a SWOT is the eight step in Katlin Smith’s Ten Steps for Conducting a communications audit (Smith, 2014). Bob Bullen from Edelman, together with his research group, has â€Å"identified three key steps organizations can take when reviewing their internal communications channels† which are â€Å"Examine any existing research†, â€Å"Collect primary quantitative research† and â€Å"Conduct primary qualitative research†. These steps demonstrate that internal communication audit is similar to any conventional audit, that is, it is a systematic analysis or survey. The difference in this case is that the audit would be examining the data about the internal communication channels and practices and not financial data. Why is internal communication important? As mentioned in the introduction above, there is seems to be a correlation between employee engagement and effective internal communication as pointed out by Bill Quirke in his book â€Å"Making the Connections† (Quirke, 2008). Towers Watson in its latest editions of its â€Å"Change and Communication ROI Study Report† notes that there is a â€Å"continued strong relationship between superior financial performance and effective communication† (Towers Watson, 2014). This conclusion is further expanded as part of the introduction above. Meldrum recent â€Å"Agility: Special Report† demonstrate also that there is a close relationship between how a company embraces change and how effective its internal communication is. The report argues that internal communication practices should adapt rapidly or rather be â€Å"agile† in order to meet the needs of the â€Å"faster and more complex† â€Å"global marketplace† (Meldrum, 2014). Through the above points, we can understand that internal communication if done effectively can result in employees being more engaged thus resulting in more productivity from their part and ultimately to better performance of the company as a whole. We further collect that effective internal communication is a key for a company to successfully embrace and manage changes in its internal and external environments. What are the key trends in internal communication? Social Media is currently the buzz-word around many circles including internal communication. In its 2013 â€Å"Change and Communication ROI Study Report†, Towers Watson notes that â€Å"the best organizations are building a sense that all employees are in it together, sharing both the challenges and rewards of working† (Towers Watson, 2013). This refers directly to social media and the fact that successful companies are seizing the opportunity presented by new technologies to â€Å"build [a] community† of employees in order to be closer to them. Although â€Å"social media is an effective way to build community†, the report however notes that only a little more than half of the companies surveyed are making use of this tool (Towers Watson, 2013). Tom Hank, from the HR Trend Institute, foresees ten ways that internal communication will change (Hank, 2014). Some of his points also re-join the trends of using social media and technology more. He also argues that internal communication would become more â€Å"open multi way†, that is, â€Å"more and more transparency† in the communication between management and employees (Hank, 2014). As noted by many recent studies, (e.g. Meldrum, 2014; Towers Watson, 2013, Rima, 2014), internal communicators will be taking more visible in the organisation in contrast to traditionally being behind the scene. The studies noted also that there would be a need to measure the value that internal communication is bringing to the organisation so as to constantly assess it alignment to the business objectives. Conclusion To be completed.

Argument For The Importance Of Strategic Planning Business Essay

Argument For The Importance Of Strategic Planning Business Essay This paper discusses about organizational strategic planning and the concepts of strategic planning. It also describes an argument that supported to the strategic planning for the success of business. This paper creates a mission statement for the organization that will be essential to the success of organization and also examines the vision statement in order to supporting to the mission of organization. It establishes the key objectives for the organization that encompasses operational, financial and human resources aspects of the business and details the essential of these objectives. This paper concludes with the key objectives in order to support the mission and vision statement of the company. Crafting and Executing Strategy Strategic management was a set of decisions and actions that results the information and implementation of plans for achieving the organizational goals and objectives. Each and every successful business was dependent upon the effectiveness of the strategic planning in the organization. The strategic planning could create the past performance and also it could predict the organizational performance in future. 1. Argument for the importance of strategic planning The strategic planning was the one that formulated the mission of the organization by including statements about the purpose, philosophy as well goals. Theses inclusion can define the ways to success the goals and implementation of the organization. This was the task or argument of a strategic planning in order to make the organization successful. The second argument was analyzing the conditions and capabilities of an organization internally. This can be made by strategic planning in making the organizational rules and regulations effectively. The strategic planning was used to analyze the resources by matching with the external environment in order to evaluate the strength of the organization. The desirable options of the organization could be identified by evaluating each option in the organizational mission for making the organization perfect. This action was performed by the implementation of strategic planning in an organization. Select the set of long-term objectives and strategies that will achieve the most desirable options of an organization. This was the argument that supported to the importance of strategic planning and the strategic planning was important for an organization in setting the long term objectives (Thompson, 2006). Development of annual objectives and short-term strategies that was compatible with the selected set of long term objectives and strategies. This was the argument for delivering the importance of strategic planning in order to make the success to organization. Allocation of matching of tasks, people and structures and technologies could be possible by the implementation of strategic planning for the success of an organization. The strategic planning also evaluates the effective decision making in making the management of an organization perfect. Hence these elements are delivering the points for the importance of strategic planning to make the organization. 2. Mission statement for the organization The strategic planning was important to the success of business and because it will create the business goal for an organization. The mission was to describing the function, markets and competitive advantages of an organization and also it was the short written statement of business goals and philosophies. The organizational mission statement was to identify the products and services and also to describe the geographical location of operation in an organization. The mission of the organization was to enable the people and businesses throughout the world for realizing their full potential. This corporate mission statement was an essential ingredient to the success of the organization. This mission statement provided the clear sense of direction to top management and employees in the organization. This mission statement was also to focus the attention of management and employees in the organization in order to create the desired outcome in the organization. The scores of business planning and strategic planning stated this mission for raising the fund of organization (Hough, 2007). If the business of organization was enabled throughout the world, then it will make the better outcome to the organization in the case of increasing profits, enhancing the management and employees, improving the activity of an organization as well as achieving the goals and objectives of an organization. This mission statement also contributed more for the organizational success. This mission statement delivered the effectiveness of an organization throughout the world in order to make the innovation for particular company or corporation. It also created the new ideas and methods to the market place in the case of offering the products and services throughout the world. The unique brand positioning and the maintaining of solid brand recognition and high quality of design standards were possible by enabling the products and services of an organization throughout the world. This mission statement also conveyed the core beliefs and values of business. The expression of the organization could also be enhanced by enabling people and business throughout the world. This mission statement could solve the complex network computing problem in an organization by making effective ideas and so on. 3. Vision statement for the organization The vision statement was used to identify the organizational mission and also uncovered the real and human values in that mission. The vision statement also identified values of customers and stakeholders in order to achieve the organizational mission. The mission statement and values can be combined by the vision statement in order to energize and motivate the people inside as well as outside of organizations. The organizational vision statement also contributed to the organization in achieving the goals and objectives. The vision statement was engaging in sustainable practices and anticipating the requirements of customers and also maximizing the return to stakeholders when maintain the quality of organizational products as well as services. This was the best vision statement in order to making the organizational products and services effectively. This vision contributed more to the employees in developing their attitude and knowledge in the organization. It maximized the profits and values of an organization by engaging in sustainable practices and anticipating the requirements of customers. The employees can also get value by means of implementing perfect works to their customer by following this vision statement. This vision statement also supported to the mission statement that was enabling people and business throughout the world to realize their full potential. The full potential of organizational people and business could be realized when entering with the products and services of organization into the market. The effectiveness of an organization based upon by developing quality products and services rather than other organization thats why organization will get higher priority among the global marketing. For that, this mission as well as vision statements will be helpful. This vision statement was also helpful for enabling the people and business of an organization throughout the world (Chris Jeffs, 2008). The full potential of an organization was realized by making better outcomes thats why management can get more profits. This vision statement supported the organizational mission statement by maximizing the stakeholders to realize the full potential of organizational people and business. This vision statement helped to the long -term goal and objectives of an organization. Hence the mission statement of an organization based upon the vision statement. 4. Business key objectives High quality and service and satisfaction This was the organizational key objective in order to encompassing the operational, financial as well as human service aspects of business. This key objective contributed to the business in making the higher quality and services to the organization. The operational and financial aspects were based upon the high quality and services thats why customers will get satisfaction about the products of business. The satisfaction of customer provided more benefits and profits to the business. Growth and profitability This was the second key business objectives to encompass the operational, functional as well as human aspects of business. The growth of products enhanced the operational and functional aspects of business and the human service based upon this production growth and profitability. The profitability was the objective that can move the operational and financial as well as human services into next evolution. Hence this key objective was essential for an organization. Continuous quality improvement This was the third key objective for the aspects of business and this objective enhanced the continuous quality improvement of products and service. This improvement only can encompass the operational, financial as well as human aspects of business. This key objective provided the better outcome to the business in making the business aspects better. Product and process innovation This was very important key objective for the aspects of business that contributed more to the enhancement of business. The organizational development was based upon the product and process innovation and for that it was necessary to make the quality products and services. This objective was mostly used for encompassing the operational, financial and human aspects of business. The popularity of organization was possible by making the innovations to the products and process for the satisfaction of customers. Simple and effective process This was also the important key objective in encompassing the operational, functional and human aspects of business. This objective can improve the process of organization in order to encompass the business aspects. This objective will make the effective products and services in order to improve the profits and business methods by making the process implementation. Hence this key objective also contributes to the aspects of business. 4. Key objectives for mission and vision statements The five key objectives also contributed more to support to the organizational missions and visions. The key objectives implemented the high quality customer services for enabling the businesses throughout the world for the realization of potentials. The growth and profitability of an organization can make the products and service throughout the world and this can improve the value of mission and vision statements. The continuous quality of improvement was an objective that supported to the mission and the vision statements in order to make the organizational innovations. The mission and vision statements will be valuable by the growth and profitability of improvement in organizations. The mission and vision statement will be proved when the organization is getting the production growth and profitability. The continuous quality was also an objective that made the mission and vision statement perfect. This key objective supported to the mission as well as vision objective by making the continuous enhancement in the case of products and a service thats why mission as well as vision statements will be proved (Adrian Haberberg, 2007). The product and process innovation also supported to the mission as well as mission statements in the organization. The products and process innovation provided the better capacity as well as capability to the organization in order to making the business throughout the world for the realization. The product and process innovation contributed more the mission as well as vision statements. Simple and effective process was also the key objective of business in an organization. This key objective made the better process in order to proving the mission as well as vision statements. Hence the vision and mission statement also based upon these key objectives. Conclusion The organizational strategic planning and the concepts of strategic planning were discussed. The mission and the vision statements of an organization in order to making the business successfully were included. The five key objectives for the enhancement of business aspects were also examined. The key objectives for mission and vision statement were concluded.

phobias :: essays research papers

Biblography Adams, T. (2000, April). Physical Properties of Carbon Nanotubes. Retrieved November 3, 2004 on the World Wide Web: http://www.pa.msu.edu/cmp/csc/ntproperties/ Big Ralph's Sportin' Stuff: Sportin' Stuff. (1995-1996). The University of Southern Mississippi: Department of Polymer Science. Retrieved November 02, 2004 on the World Wide Web: http://www.psrc.usm.edu/macrog/sports.htm Bioceramics. (2003). Electron Structure Group. Retrieved November 14, 2004 on the World Wide Web: http://iml.umkc.edu/physics/ching/project3.htm Daenen, M., de Fouw, R., Hamers, B., Janssen, P., Schouteden, K., Veld, M. (n.d.). Introduction. Wondrous World of Carbon Nanotubes. Retrieved November 3, 2004 on the World Wide Web: http://students.chem.tue.nl/ifp03/introduction.html Daenen, M., de Fouw, R., Hamers, B., Janssen, P., Schouteden, K., Veld, M. (n.d.). Synthesis. Wondrous World of Carbon Nanotubes. Retrieved November 3, 2004 on the World Wide Web: http://students.chem.tue.nl/ifp03/synthesis.html Harutyunyan, A., Korobko, E., Kuznetsov, A., Pradhan, B., Sumanasekera, G. (2002). Carbon Nanotubes for Medical Applications. Retrieved November 3, 2004 on the World Wide Web: http://www.ecmjoumal.org/journal/supplements/vol003 supp02/pdf/v003supp02a29.pdf Hydroxylapatite. (n.d.) Mineral Database. Retrieved November 13, 2004 on the World Wide Web: http://webmineral.com/data/Hydroxylapatite.shtml Kenney, J. & Walshaw, J. (1997, April 24). Larger Assemblies. The Principles of Protein Structure ’97. Retrieved November 13, 2004 on the World Wide Web: http://www.med.unibs.it/~marchesi/pps97/course/section11/assembli.html Kohn, J. (November 2004). New Approaches to Biomaterials Design. Nature Publishing Group 3. 745-747. Retrieved November 7, 2004 from PubMed database on the World Wide Web: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/utils/ lofref.fcgi?PrId=3094&uid=15516948&db=pubmed&url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmat1249 Nylons (Polyamides) PA. (2003). British Plastic’s Federation. Retrieved November 28, 2004 on the World Wide Web: http://www.bpf.co.uk/bpfindustry/plastics_ materials_Nylons_PA.cfm PepGen P-15. (2003, January 16). Dentsply. Retrieved November 9, 2004 on the World Wide Web: http://www.ceramed.com/PepGen/home.htm Shape Memory Alloys. (2001). eSmart. Retrieved November 26, 2004 on the World Wide Web: http://www.cs.ualberta.ca/~database/MEMS/sma_mems/sma.html The Peptide Bond. (n.d.) MIT Biology Hypertextbook. Retrieved November 13, 2004 on the World Wide Web: http://web.mit.edu/esgbio/www/lm/proteins/ peptidebond.html Valentin, A. H. & Weber, J. (2004, March 12). Receptor Technology – cell binding to P-15: a new method of regenerating bone quickly and safely – preliminary histomorphometrical and mechanical results in sinus floor augmentations.

George Gershwin Essay -- essays research papers

George Gershwin was born Jacob Gershowitz on September 26, 1898 in Brooklyn, New York. George began his professional career in "Tin Pan Alley," a location in New York City where aspiring composers and songwriters would bring their scores to a publisher trying to sell the tunes for cash. Two years after he started work for Jerome Remick, George had his first song published. "When You Want 'Em You Can't Get 'Em" was not an instantly famous, but it did begin to attract the attention of some of the Broadway composers of the day. During this time of professional growth, George kept his job as a rehearsal pianist and studied piano, theory and orchestration with the best of the best. George's first big hit was a song delivered by Al Jolson in the Broadway musical Sinbad. "Swanee" became an instant hit and propelled George's music before the Broadway audience regularly. In 1919, George composed the music for La, La Lucille, his first full musical score. From 1920 to 1924 he supplied producer George White with several songs for use in the immensely popular George White Scandals series. Behind Rhapsody in Blue, George is mainly known for numerous songs, which have become a part of the American songbook. The full scale collaboration of George and Ira Gershw in as composer/lyricist began in 1924 with the musical Lady Be Good!. The musical featured songs such as "Fascinating Rhythm" and "Oh, Lady, be Good" among others. One song, which wa...

Importance of Biodiesel

IMPORTANCE OF BIODIESEL The world’s accessible oil reservoirs are gradually depleting due to a burgeoning demand of fossil fuels. Owing to the enormous dependency of transport vehicles running on gasoline engines, the development of bio-gasoline may well reduce the dependence of the fuel market on fossil fuels. Biofuel development has gained the attention of researchers in recent years owing to the rate of depletion of fossil fuels. Several processes are currently employed in the conventional production ofdifferent biofuels: the production of biodiesel is catalytically performed either through the transesterification of triglycerides using alcohol or the deoxygenative ecofining of triglycerides in a nonalcoholic environment; bio-oil is produced by the pyrolysis of biomass; bio-ethanol is produced by thefermentation of sugars obtained from starch or cellulosic based biomass, while bio-gasoline is producedfrom the catalytic cracking of triglycerides. The present work investigates the suitability of mesuaferrea (nahar) oil seed as a source of alternative fuel in CI engines. Non-edible straight vegetable oil obtained from mesuaferreaseeds was extracted using a solvent extraction technique. The catalytic cracking mesuaferrea seed oil to biofuel was studied in a microwave reactor with selected catalysts at . 500-600? C The thermo-physical and chemical properties of straight mesuaferrea oil were determined. The flash point, kinematic viscosity, and density of the straight mesuaferrea oil were found to be much higher than diesel, though the calorific value was found to be lower. The variation in thermo-physical and chemical properties of various blends of straight mesuaferrea oil and diesel were studied after fraction of biofuel products may be obtained at different temp. The present study also report on the use of nahar oil as a potential source of biodiesel that can be used as a partial substitute for fossil fuels.

Cyp 3.4 Health and Safety

CYP Core 3. 4 Support children and young people’s Health and Safety When planning a healthy and safe indoor or outdoor environment there are some factors that need to be taken into account. Specific Risk to individuals. Specific Risk to individuals. Age, needs and abilities of the children and young people. Age, needs and abilities of the children and young people. Desired outcomes for children and young people. Desired outcomes for children and young people. Line of responsibility and accountability. Line of responsibility and accountability. The duty of care. The duty of care. Function and Purpose of the environment or service offered.Function and Purpose of the environment or service offered. Needs of carers. Needs of carers. Health and Safety factors to consider when planning. Health and Safety factors to consider when planning. Age, needs and abilities of children and young people All children and young people have developmental milestones which tell us the approximate ag e at which most children are likely to develop certain skills and ways they are expected to behave. However, the individual needs of each child or young person needs to be taken into account when planning a safe and healthy learning environment as the needs and abilities of each ndividual will vary particularly if an impairment, such as a learning difficulty or a physical disability has been identified. The age, needs and abilities of children impact significantly on what is safe or unsafe for them to come into contact with. For instance an eight month old baby will be expected to pick up objects within their reach and put them to their mouth so when planning a safe environment for them it will be important to keep small objects that present a choking hazard out of their reach.It is with this in mind that most practitioners will choose toys and materials safely. Before choosing toys they must be checked to ensure that they carry a safety mark which gives assurance that the products are safe to use as directed by the manufacturer. It is very important that toys and equipment are used in the way instructed by the manufacturer and not for any other purpose. All toys and equipment must also be assembled using the manufacturer instructions and age guidelines must be followed. E. g. â€Å"This product is not safe for children under 3 due to small parts†.It is important to remember the specific needs and abilities of each child when allowing them to use toys and equipment as some children for example may have developmental delays and still put things in their mouth like younger children so exercising extra caution may be necessary. Choosing toys and equipment that is durable and will last longer is practical as they are more likely to withstand constant use and have less of a chance of breaking and becoming potentially dangerous to the children using them.At St Cuthbert’s the needs and abilities of all children were taken into account when planning the outdoor areas, the school grounds and split into three different sections nursery and reception yard, year one and two yard and year three through to six have a separate yard. Each yard has been designed to specifically meet the needs of the children using i. e. smaller climbing frames for the younger children and larger ones for the old. The school building and grounds are all on one level and would be suitable for wheelchair users to access easily.Specific Risk to Individuals Some activities or situations can present specific risks to individuals. It is important to have good knowledge and understanding of each child or young person we work with so that we can recognise the risks if and when they occur and reduce the risk to an acceptable level or offer a suitable alternative. * If a young person is pregnant some activities otherwise deemed safe for her will become more of a risk to her because she is pregnant i. e. Trampolining, therefore a more suitable form of exercise safe for her and the baby could be offered. If a child suffers with a visual impairment the risk associated with certain activities may be higher – learning to use sharp tools for example. Advice can be sought from a professional who may recommend the use of specially designed tools or offer advice on suitable methods of teaching. * A child or young person with asthma or allergies will be unable to work with dust, pollen or certain food so it will be important to remember this child when planning certain activities i. e. bringing flowers in from outside or giving the children food treat.The needs of Carers Where relevant the needs of carers and parents are also a factor to consider when planning healthy and safe environments or services. For instance, a carer that uses a wheelchair will need sufficient space to move around safely and this should be thought of when planning the layout of furniture and facilities. The function and purpose of environments and services When planning a sa fe and healthy environment practitioners should take into account the function and purpose of the environment and services.Activities and experiences offered in one setting may be less suited and ill-advised in another. For example, many sports centres offer holiday clubs for children and young people, the environment is specifically designed for sporting activities and the staff will be trained and know how to properly use certain equipment, therefore offering the same activities in an out of school club that meets in a school classroom would be inappropriate and unsafe. Desired outcomes for children and young peopleThe desired outcomes for children and young people are among the factors that influence what is appropriate, safe and healthy for them to do within the setting. When planning an activity the potential benefits to the children and young people need to be considered against the likelihood of harm occurring. Duty of Care When a parent or carer leaves their child in the car e of a service they are in effect agreeing for the staff to care for their child whilst they are there. This means that staff has a duty of care to the child or young person in their care in line with provisions set out in the Children Act 1989.The act requires those caring for the child or young person to promote the safety and welfare of each individual in their care. The level of this duty of care must be that of a ‘reasonable parent’. If you do not act as a ‘reasonable parent’ would do to keep the child or young person safe you are failing to meet your duty of care and can be seen as being negligent. The Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 also states that the setting has a responsibility to safeguard the safety and well-being of children and young people in its care.Lines of responsibility and accountability It is very important for practitioners in all settings and services to be crystal clear about their own responsibilities relating to health and saf ety, or standards will slip and important welfare requirements may not be met. It is very important that practitioners monitor and maintain health and safety on an on-going basis and this will vary from setting to setting. At St Cuthbert’s Primary School Health and Safety is monitored primarily by the head teacher who is in charge of the overseeing of new policies and rocedures along with the school governors. All other staff members are responsible for their own safety and the safety of all of the children in their care whether it be their own class or the whole student population during break times. It is the role of the caretaker to monitor the health and safety of the school buildings and grounds and these are overseen on a twice a week basis. If the caretaker should happen upon a health and safety concern this will be immediately brought to the attention of the head teacher who will then decide on the best possible resolution.It is also up to the caretaker to be in the y ard first thing in a morning to ensure that all entry/exit ways to the school are securely locked making sure any unauthorised visitors cannot enter the school and ensuring the safety of the children. It is primarily the duty of the receptionist to check identification of visitors and providing them with a visitors badge and access to the school. When providing environments and services for children and young people it is important to comply with the laws and regulations set out by the government. The laws and guidelines set out by the government in England are: Health and Safety at work Act 1974 and 1992 This act is relevant for all places of employment not just those working alongside children and young people. Employers have a duty of care to ensure that the workplace and equipment within it are in a safe and useable condition and do not pose as a risk to the health and safety of anyone using it. Anyone working or volunteering in the setting have a responsibility to take care of themselves and others in cooperation with the employer. The Act also states that all employers must use the basic principles of risk management: 1. Risk assessment . Balanced control measures 3. Training The caretaker at the school I work in is responsible for checking the school buildings and grounds on a regular basis to ensure that all equipment being used is safe and does not pose a risk to any student or staff. Computers and other electrical equipment are checked on a regular basis by an outside company to make sure that there are no problems. It is the class teachers’ responsibility to ensure that their classroom and the equipment in it are safe for the children to use and this is taken into account when planning and risk assessing lessons.All staff is required to take part in training meetings in which they have the opportunities to learn how to use any new equipment or in some cases how to deal with challenging behaviour of specific children, courses such as safeguard ing, first aid and handling are compulsory. * Health and Safety (first Aid) Regulations 1981 Most settings working with children and young people with have specific individuals who are qualified to deal with first aid; there must be at least one person within the setting designated to first aid if an accident occurs. It is stated that by law all employers must keep a well-stocked first aid box.At St Cuthbert’s all staff members are first aid trained although there are only five members of staff as designated first aiders; it is their responsibility to ensure that the first aid boxes are fully stocked and in good working order. * Food Safety Act 1990, and Food Handling Regulations 1995 This act refers to how food may be stored and prepared and how cooking environments should be maintained and how staff who prepare the food must be trained. Any member of staff within the school handling food has a basic food safety and handling certificate including the kitchen staff. * Fire Pr ecautions (workplace) Regulations 1997These regulations apply to all workplaces not just those who work alongside children and young people. Under these regulations settings must carry out a fire risk assessment addressing seven key areas: 1. Fire ignition sources and risk from the spread of fire 2. Escape routes and Exits 3. Fire Detection and early warning of fire 4. Fire fighting equipment 5. Fire routine training for staff 6. Emergency plans and arrangements for calling the fire service 7. General maintenance and testing of fire protection equipment All staff members at St Cuthbert’s are trained in emergency procedure and what to do in the event of a fire.All fire safety equipment is checked once a month by an outside agency to ensure that alarms, extinguishers and other equipment are in good working order. * Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 1995 (RIDDOR) Under RIDDOR, workplaces must ensure they have an accident book. All accidents wh ich occur in the workplace or setting must be recorded in the book. Some types of accidents that occur at work – serious ones or those that result in someone being absent from work for more than three days must be reported to the Health and Safety Executive.Some Diseases that may be contracted by employees must also be reported i. e. HIV, Aids, Hepatitis and such like. At my school the accident and incident book is kept in the school office and all members of staff have access to this book, it is their responsibility to ensure that any accidents are recorded in this book however minor. If any concerns arise in relation to diseases and other contagious diseases then these are reported immediately to the head teacher who then takes appropriate action. * Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regulations 1992Under these regulations employers must provide equipment to employees needed to carry out their jobs safely. For example, someone working with young children will need an apr on and rubber gloves supplied to them for when they are changing nappies or dealing with other body fluids and waste. * Protection of Children Act This law involves the protection and safeguarding of children. (See unit CYP core 3. 3 for more details) * Children’s Act 1989 This Act covers the equality of access and opportunity for children and young people in addition to health and safety. * Health and Safety (young persons) Regulations 1997These regulations require employers to carryout special risk assessments for employees or volunteers under the age of 18, as they may be less aware of the Health and Safety issues then more experienced workers. * Children Bill 2004 Prior to this bill being passed there were concerns that children’s services were not working together effectively to protect vulnerable children from forms of abuse. This bill was passed to ensure the improvement of child protection for children and young people and to ensure that all agencies involved h ave better communication with each other regarding such issues.At St Cuthbert’s meetings are held on a regular basis for the complete staffing team to talk about any issues or concerns they may have regarding specific children. Any immediate concerns are reported to the head teacher and they and the class teacher discuss which action to take. Safeguarding issues are immediately reported to the member of staff in charge of reporting incidents of abuse who will then take appropriate action such as ringing social services or other outside agencies. Any parents with concerns over a child are directed to this staff member who can then take the action needed to investigate further. Every Child Matters This is a government agenda which sets out five major outcomes for all children: 1. Be safe 2. Being healthy 3. Enjoying and achieving 4. Making a positive contribution 5. Economic well being The Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS) aims to meet every one of the outcomes listed above. * The Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS) Welfare Requirements All settings to which the EYFS applies must meet all of the EYFS welfare requirements: Safeguarding and promoting children’s welfare. | The provider must take suitable steps to safeguard and promote the welfare of children.The provider must promote the good health of the children, take necessary steps to prevent the spread of infections and take appropriate action when a child is ill. Children’s behaviour must be managed effectively and in a manner appropriate for their stage of development and individual needs. | Suitable People| Providers must ensure that people working with children or having unsupervised access to them are suitable to do so. Adults looking after children must have appropriate qualifications, training, skills and knowledge.Staffing arrangements must be organised to ensure safety and to meet the needs of the children within the setting. i. e. ensuring that the staff to child ration is cor rect. | Suitable Premises, environment and equipment| Outdoor and indoor spaces, furniture, equipment and toys must be age appropriate and safe and suitable for their purpose. | Organisation| Providers must plan and organise their activates and setting to ensure that all children are provided with enjoyable and challenging learning and development experience which is suited to meet their individual needs and abilities. Documentation| Providers must maintain records, policies and procedures required for the safe and efficient management of the settings and to meet the needs of the children. | Within a school environment there are policies and procedures in place which support staff in the management of situations that involve the safety and wellbeing of all staff and children. Some of these are: * The Health and Safety policy * The Bullying Policy * The Safety Policy * The Child Protection Policy * The behaviour policy * The O Tolerance procedure The Confidentiality Policy * The Equa l opportunities Policy * Regulations and Requirements tell settings what they must do and what standards they must meet to ensure the health and safety of the staff and children within the setting but they do not tell the practitioners how this should be done. It is up to the settings to interpret the laws set out by the government and devises their own policies and procedures that explain how they will work within the law to promote the Health and Safety of everyone in the setting.At St Cuthbert’s it is the overall responsibility of the head teacher to ensure that the health and safety procedures in the school are implemented effectively by all members of staff. New policies and procedures are discussed by the governors and before any new policy is written up the staff have a chance to add or remove anything they feel it needs or does not need; the final draft has to be approved by the Head Teacher before being implemented.It is the job of the caretaker to parole the school grounds and building twice a week to ensure that there are no health and safety hazards which could potentially harm the children and staff. If a member of staff comes across a hazard then it will be reported to the head teacher who then ensures the caretaker can solve/fix the problem or that the required services needed are contacted and the risk to students minimised. Sometimes children and young people may want to take risks that are inappropriate for safety reasons or inappropriate for a child or young person because of their age, needs or abilities.As a practitioner it is important to remember that all children will want to take risks and we should not try to avoid risk altogether but allow children and young people to experience risk which will not harm them and which is suitable for their age needs and abilities. For example, a child of five may want to try and climb to the very top of a climbing frame, while this is risk taking and the child may be capable of doing this we m ust tell them of the risk involved and ensure that they stay safe whilst trying.In the case of a younger child or a child with a physical impairment it would be inappropriate and dangerous to allow this child to try the same thing. There is a difference in allowing children and young people to take appropriate risks that are worthwhile in terms of their development when compared to the likelihood of injury, and allowing children and young people to do things that are likely to harm them seriously without a justifiable developmental gain or experience.It is important as a practitioner to decide which risks are acceptable and unacceptable and to be able to minimise risk and harm to the children in their care. Before any activity takes place it is important to carry out a risk assessment and understand the settings policies and procedures for risk assessment and be able to follow them closely. There is a dilemma between the rights and choices that belong to children and young people in terms of the freedom to play and the health and safety requirements of a setting.It is important to remember that children and young people have a right to choice and the freedom of play and its benefits to their learning and development and that children and young people should be allowed to experience and take appropriate risks during their play and learning, within the boundaries of the health and safety legislations. There are four types of hazard/risk that should be taken into account in terms of play and development. These are: * Physical Upturned carpets, stacks of chairs, scissors etc. * EnvironmentalIcy pathways/yard, water on a staircase, objects obstructing exits etc. * Emotional Emotional risk taking is a life skill. Children and young people take emotional risks when they pluck up the courage to do something that stretches them emotionally or that risks personal failure or rejection. E. g. speaking in front of a group of peers or adults, auditioning for a part in a pro duction, not giving in to peer pressure, taking a physical risk in front of others. Activities that may feel like a risk to one child may come easily to another.We must remember that each child is an individual and will be comfortable doing things that some children may not be comfortable doing. Every so often a child needs to come out of their ‘comfort zone’ and be encouraged to try new things for the first time. Those with good levels of self-esteem and confidence will find trying new things easier than those with low self-esteem and confidence. It is important to help children and young people feel equipped for emotional risk taking by providing opportunities for them to take part in activities which foster high levels of confidence and self-esteem. Behavioural Behavioural Hazards occur when children and young people behave in ways in which they could cause harm to themselves and others. A teacher may set up an activity in which blunt objects may be used for sculptin g with clay, a behavioural hazard becomes apparent if a child then begins to use the tools provided in an inappropriate manner which could cause harm to themselves or others i. e. throwing the tools around, deliberately using them in a harmful way. The risk is therefore significantly raised to an unacceptable level and the practitioner must step in and take appropriate action immediately.A child’s behaviour to another child may be classed as a behavioural hazard also, if a child is bullying or physically harming another child then this is also a hazard than needs to be dealt with immediately. At St Cuthbert’s children are involved in thinking about safety and are encouraged to tell an adult if they see something unsafe. One of the most effective ways of ensuring that the children think about safety is to explain to them why we think an activity, a situation or someone behaviour is potentially dangerous.A more recent example of supporting children to manage and assess r isk was when we had our safety topic week in school. This week was dedicated to having various health and safety professionals come into school to talk to the children and get them to think about their own safety in and outside of school. Some of the visitors included the fire service, police officers and a lollypop person. As well as giving talks to the children there were various activities throughout the week that allowed the children to think about and manage their own safety.Other examples of this more recently was a cooking lesson given to small groups of children, not only were the children able to help in the cooking session they were asked to talk about things in the kitchen that could cause harm to them and how they should behave whilst using equipment and being in the kitchen. This activity allowed the children to understand that good behaviour and carefulness was needed to minimise the risk of harm to themselves and others.The policies and procedures at St Cuthbertâ€⠄¢s in response to accidents, incidents, emergencies and illness are hugely important as they can mean the difference between life and death should a serious situation occur. It may be necessary to evacuate the setting in the event of: * Flood * Gas leak * Fire * Identification of a dangerous substance To ensure the safe evacuation of the setting in an emergency: * All staff must know how to raise the alarm, where the exits are and where the assembly point is. * All staff is aware of their roles in an emergency such as taking the register, dialling 999 and checking rooms are empty. There must be regular opportunities to practice the evacuation procedure. These should be taken seriously and any difficulties should be resolved. The sound of the alarm may upset some children so it is important to be sensitive and help them to settle after the drill. * Evacuation drill notices must be kept in view at all times and give details of where the fire extinguishing equipment is kept. * Fire al arms, smoke detectors and emergency lighting should be regularly checked and maintained and staff should know where they are and be trained in their use.Details of all checks should be kept written in the log. * Emergency exits should not be obstructed At St Cuthbert’s the emergency drill is practiced with great care once a month. It is up to the class teacher to ensure that their class evacuates the building in a safe and calm manner and assembles at the meeting point. In the event of a real fire it is up to the receptionist to call the emergency services then make their own way to the meeting point where they will distribute the registers to the class teachers so that they are able to ensure that all children are accounted for.All registered settings must have written procedures regarding what practitioners must do if it was discovered a child was missing. It is important for all staff members to know these procedures and act quickly. At St Cuthbert’s an immediate se arch of the setting including outdoor areas is undertaken as well as finding out when the child was last seen and where. If the child cannot be found then the search would be widened to the local area around the school whilst the head teacher raises the alarm with the police and the missing child’s parents or carers.Sufficient staff remains on the premises to ensure that the other children are still taken care of and surplus staff such as the caretaker and teaching assistants may join the search until the police arrive and the search is controlled by them. The incident should be logged in the incident book by the initial member of staff whilst all details are still fresh in their head and later Ofsted will be contacted and the incident logged with them as an immediate review of the setting will be required.All children at some point in their lives experience illness and it is important that all staff recognise the signs and symptoms of illness in a child or young person to be able to take appropriate action in line with the settings policies and procedures. It is a legal requirement of all settings to have written guidelines for the management of illness within the setting. It is not the job of the practitioners to diagnose the illness this should be left up to a health professional, it is also not the role of the practitioner to care for a sick child and those who are ill should not attend the setting until they are well.There will be times when a child’s symptoms develop whilst they are at school, at St Cuthbert’s the procedure should this occur is as follows: * A member of staff will recognise promptly when the child or young person is ill using their knowledge of childhood illnesses to determine the seriousness of the illness. * The member of staff will respond to the symptoms in line with the schools policies, such as cooling a child down if they are suffering a temperature or administering a child’s asthma inhaler. * The membe r of staff will monitor the condition to ensure the condition does not become worse and a record kept. . e. when the child was last sick, their temperature or what time their inhaler was given. * The staff member will arrange for the child to be collected as soon as possible in the case of minor illness. In the case of accident or major illness then an ambulance will be called before the child’s parents or carers are contacted. When contacting a relative the child’s file will be looked at to determine the first point of contact in the event of an illness. It is important to be in control when ringing the parent or carer and ensure that they are not unnecessarily worried.In the event that an ambulance has to be called before the parents it is important that all details of the child’s symptoms are given correctly so that the emergency services know what they are dealing with and if needed advice can be given to keep the child comfortable until the ambulance arrive s. A practitioner will then accompany the child to the hospital until their parents arrive. * A record of the child’s symptoms and the procedures carried out will be logged in the incident book. All settings have a legal requirement to ensure that logs and records of incidents are kept up to date.When a child becomes ill at St Cuthbert’s or an accident or illness occurs the time and date is logged and any symptoms and signs of illness are written down. A practitioner’s response to a child’s illness is logged, making note of details like medication or first aid given and by whom. There are 4 designated first aiders within the school and it is their job to ensure that all first aid kits around the school are fully stocked and in good working order. It may be necessary for the first aider to be called in the event of an accident or incident and it will be their role to keep the incident book updated.

Core Areas of a Successful Business Essay

I.Ethics Leadership and ethics are more than closely related. They are one in the same. A famous quote by James MacGregor Burns sums up the correlation well, â€Å"Divorced from ethics, leadership is reduced to management and politics to mere technique.† (James Macgregor Burns) The quote touches on two very distinct differences. One aspect is leadership, and the other management. One who is a leader has the ability to inspire. He or she can inspire others to work harder, take on tasks thought to be impossible, and the leader could also inspire ideas. The ideas could come directly from a leader, or from those around him or her. A leader has complete clarity and vision. They also have a knack for overcoming obstacles and having others see and share their viewpoint. Another attribute that great leaders possess is the ability to show balance when handling various issues. They are able to balance ethic justice with ethic core. Ethic justice is defined by law and logic, as ethic core is defined by how it influences people on an emotional level. There have been various examples of ethical violations or moral ambiguity in business involving companies such as ENRON and TYCO. These companies were all about the perception of success. However, if someone were to investigate into the numbers, he would see there were serious problems. Hiding debt in dummy companies and offering excessive bonuses to executives are just a few examples of these violations. Where was the oversight? Well, the people who were in charge hand their hands out like everyone else. These individuals seemed oblivious to the consequences of their actions or those who would be hurt in the process due to their greed. Key decisions weren’t made at lower management level. Rather, they were being made at the executive level! Isn’t it the role of effective managers to prevent occurrences like this from happening? What is management’s position in these particular circumstances? Is there a specific procedure they should always follow? II.Processes of Management How do management and leadership differ from one another? It is best simplified by this quote from Peter Drucker, â€Å"Management is doing things right; leadership is doing the right things.† The terms manager and leadership are commonly used to mean the same idea, although they serve different purposes. Mr. Drucker gives a glimpse of the differences within his quote. Management is defined as a process that is used within an organization to help accomplish goals. The overall process of management includes planning, organizing, leading, and utilizing individuals and resources available within the organization. Planning is all about strategy and positioning. Having a clear understanding of the company’s objectives will streamline the planning portion of the process. Being able to identify trends are critical in meeting the demands of a business. A well-developed plan will help diminish the chances of failure of an organization. The plan requires structure and a team to deliver the plan. It is important that the structure be in place, and everyone has a clear understanding of their role. The concepts of organizational structures have in practiced for nearly one hundred years. In 1919, a French economic theoretician â€Å"Henri Fayol† published a book titled Administration Industrielle. It was one of the first publications that outlined the various aspects of a functioning business structure. He spoke about how to best to divide the function of business: creating a unity of command, hierarchy of authority, division of labor, and putting in place clear channels of communication. (Nickels & McHugh, 2010, p. 207) Another theory was developed by Max Weber. Max Weber wrote a book titled The Theory of Social and Economic Organizations. He shared many of the same theories as Henri Fayol. However, Max Weber was of the belief that less educated workers carried out tasks better if they were guided closely and given strict rules by middle management to be performed. (Nickels & McHugh, 2010, p. 208) Today many of those theories are still practiced. Businesses have to develop strategies allowing them to be nimble. If a business is slow to react to the market demands, they could be left behind. This is a costly proposition for companies looking to expand. Organizations seem to be moving toward a decentralized authority. This empowers the managers and employees to make decisions based upon their market needs quickly. A faster response time translates into improved customer relations and builds brand loyalty. This type of strategy is found in retail department store chains. On the other hand many fast food chains believe in the concept of centralized authority. All decisions on purchasing and promotion come from those in upper management. This allows companies such as McDonalds to keep their product consistent. (Nickels & McHugh, 2010, p. 210) It is unlikely that a drastic philosophical change within retail or fast food will take place anytime soon. There have been innovative changes within other market segments concerning team structuring and how to best respond to the demands of the consumer. For example, if a company wants to introduce a new product and bring it to market quickly they have the ability to pool their internal human resources. Simply put as bringing the best minds from all facets of the business and have them work on a specified project. This team is commonly known as a cross functional team. What is so unique about this team is that they are self-managed. They may also share different managers during the task. The engineer may work closely with the team on the design of the product. However, when it is time to distribute and brand the product the marketing manager may take over. They also work together on a long term basis fostering new opportunities. (Nickels & McHugh, 2010, p. 218) Working in teams can be great at moving an organization forward and carrying out task delivered by management. Teams can also seize opportunity by having the ability to quickly respond to a changing market such as technology. The biggest advantage of working in a team would have to be communication. Working as a team has far more advantages compared to its disadvantages. Some of the drawbacks would be the team having or developing a disconnection from the corporation’s core values or a feeling that they are their own entity. This occurs when areas are departmentalized from other functions of the business. Sometimes, if a common goal is not reinforced, it can cause some employees to become disengaged. If you have ever been part of a team where one of the members is negative and disengaged it can become infectious. At a minimum it becomes a distraction and disruptive to the team and its progress. (Nickels & McHugh, 2010, p. 212) At what point does leadership step in to take charge? What role, if any, does leadership play in business? III.Leadership Leadership is universal as the principles that define effective leadership are equitable worldwide. This is because leadership is mainly founded on principles that revolve around human relations. It usually requires one to be selfless. Individuals in leadership should always prioritize the needs of all the people who are under his command before his personal needs or interests. There are several styles that have resulted in effective leadership. These styles depend on the demands and requirements of the individuals involved and the tasks facing the institution. However, these styles have also been forced to evolve with the changes brought along by the 21st century. This section tackles the evolution of leadership taking into account various styles and use of varied examples in a bid to highlight and make the issue most comprehensible. Leadership styles revolve around three key points. The first includes the manner in which a leader gives guidelines or directions to his subordinates. Secondly, it is also determined by the method through which the leader implements his plans. Lastly, leadership style is also largely influenced by whether or not the leader motivates people to produce the desired results. Leadership styles are usually categorized into three different and unique styles when referring to individual leaders. One of the leadership styles that have been around for ages is the authoritarian or autocratic type of leadership. In this case, the leader gives the employees orders on what they want to be executed and the execution manner. An authoritarian leader usually is strict on the regulations and policies governing the employees of the company. An example of an authoritarian leader is a traffic police officer giving directions to motorists (Glanz, 2002). According to Glanz, a true leader is best characterized if he or she serves as a role model to others by promoting corporation between them. Moreover, one should also empower other individuals by giving praise where necessary or including them in the process of decision making. Lastly, a leader should communicate effectively to his employees on both his values and those that govern the organization. Another form of leadership style is democratic or participative type of leadership. In this case, the individual in the leadership position includes other people in decision making. Despite this, the leader is the one to make the final decision on the matters at hand. There is also a leadership style where the leader delegates the role of decision making to the employees while giving minimal or no guidance. This style is referred to as free-rein or delegative type of leadership. This style works well where the employees are competent, and the leader has confidence in them. Having any characteristics of these three leadership styles doesn’t mean you can’t enhance your role as a leader/manager with vision, value, and ethics. How does following these important guidelines improve your role as a leader? Leaders that impact businesses and employees on a daily basis know what they value. They also recognize the importance of utilizing their ethical behavior. The best leaders exhibit their values and ethics in their leadership style and actions. Defining your leadership ethics and values should be visible because you are living them in your actions every single day. A lack of trust can become a serious problem in many workplaces throughout the business world. If leaders never identified their values in these workplaces, the mistrust becomes understandable. If leaders have identified and shared their core values then living those values daily will create trust with everyone. Workplace ethics take the same route when the organization’s leadership has a code of conduct and ethical expectation; they become an organization joke if the leaders fail to live up to their published code of ethics. Leaders that exhibit ethical behavior powerfully influence the actions of others including the employees that will eventually make that leader successful. As a leader, choose the values and the ethics that are most important to you, the values and ethics you believe in and that define your character. Then live them visibly every day in the workplace. Living your values is one of the most powerful tools available to you to help you lead and influence other s. Just as in the business text of class; leaders must communicate a vision, establish their values, promote their corporate ethics, and embrace change, and stress accountability and responsibility among employees to become an effective leader in management. How could you improve your role as a leader/manager to become more effective? Managers are often seen as administrators and not leaders, depending on how we define leadership. The meaning of leadership is defined as promoting new direction either in people or organizations. It has nothing to do with being in a position of authority over others. What do we define as management? This is having responsibility for people and other resources with the goal of getting work done as efficiently and effectively as possible. The goal of the manager is to execute the directions promoted by the leader. Managers do not differ from leaders based on their personalities or styles as leaders are not just more lively, charismatic or larger than life managers. Any manager can lead by promoting new directions. Managers can be as inspiring as leaders even when they are wearing their managerial hat; hence, aiming to get work done efficiently, they try to inspire employees to improve performance rather than move them to change direction as leaders do. Both leaders and managers can influence quietly or by example without being charismatic. Any person can step into management, but the real question is how that individual is going to lead his people or team. Managers become successful only by understanding what it takes to be an effective leader to promote change with accountability. An individual can manage, but the true success of a powerful leader is the reflection of performance among its subordinates. An imposing leader knows how to manage as well as how to promote change effectively and positively from leading by example. Becoming an effective leader will eventually give an individual the success to reach his/her employees through positive influence and by achieving the high expectations handed down by the company objective. It is up to the individual leader on how he wants to manage his people in order to receive the best end-results. Taking all of these aspects into consideration, does someone in a leadership position have an obligation to motivate his or her employees, or is it up to the employee to realize his or her motivation? IV.Employee Motivation Many corporations today explore various strategies on how to improve production and motivate their staff to give one hundred percent toward the company’s goals. The most successful companies and organizations always seem to have extraordinarily strong leadership. There are many ways in which strong leadership can motivate the employees in an organization. Strong leadership can be used to energize a team in the workplace. A formidable leader should create a positive correlation between the workers and their employer. Moreover, the leader should be able to pool energy from each worker so as to improve performance and productivity as a team. Strong leaders have enormous reserves of spiritual, emotional and physical energy. The leader should be able to create a time for reflection of performance and also interpersonal evaluation of the strengths and weaknesses of every employee. This is because the investment in employees helps to improve performance and also improve motivation (Adair, 1998). Powerful leadership in the workplace can help to motivate the employees through effective communication. Communication helps to influence employees to improve their performance. In addition, delegation of duties within an organization is carried through communication, and it is essential for employees to communicate their concerns in the workplace to avoid inconvenience. An influential leader is a person who listens to the grievances of the subordinates and provides possible solutions to improve the level of performance. Moreover, a prominent leader should also be empowered to solve problems and to suggest solutions for the problems affecting the employees in the workplace. This means the information from every employee should be handled with the respect it deserves, including a concentrated effort placed on improving interpersonal relations with their employees. This reduces conflicts and creates a platform for employees to act as a team (Advameg, 2012). One valuable method to motivate employees in the workplace is to mentor them and encourage them to grow and work as a team. This improves their partnerships and helps the organization to benefit in the long run. The fundamentals of motivation should be based on influencing the employees and helping them to achieve success. In essence, the leader should limit the regulations and set rules. Any change of an objective or rule should be communicated effectively to avoid frustrations which may be created by the confusion. It should also be understood that employees work effectively in an environment where there are reduced rules and regulations. The rules should be developed in such a manner that they enhance integration and cohesion within the workplace (Emmerich, 2009). Awarding the employees who have performed well in an organization is one of the ways which motivates them and improves their capability. The top leadership should ensure that there is the creation of incentive programs in which the best performing employees are awarded according to their performance in the workplace. The main purpose for creation of incentive programs is to show the employees that the organization values and cares about them. In addition, through the rewarding of performance employees are encouraged to continue to seek improvement in their job. The production of employees is prone to increase after they have been motivated using incentive programs Messmer, 1995). Incentive programs motivate performance through maximization of results. Outstanding performance over a period of time should be rewarded through promotion or through the provision of incentives. The incentives should be based on hard work and should vary from one employee to the other. This helps to improve competition and also to help motivate the weaker employees to increase their performance within the organization. The leadership has the obligation to create a program in which the top performers are rewarded according to their performance in the work place. Alternatively, the salaries and remuneration of the top performing employees should be increased to encourage them to work towards achievement of personal goals and objectives (Emmerich, 2009). Performance based on consistent meeting of the objectives should also be rewarded. Some form of compensation helps to encourage employees to invest their personal best into an organization. Employers who reward their subordinates on performance based on consistency have increased rates in meeting of personal goals and objectives. Rewarding the employees shows them that they are important, and increases their level of motivation, consequently leading to excellent performance. This also shows employees that they are highly valued and are significant assets to management. Furthermore, rewarding employees helps to retain them and increase their morale in the workplace. Employees should also receive unexpected rewards to express appreciation for all of their diligence on the job. This unanticipated compensation explicitly illustrates their importance in the organization (Messmer, 1995). One of the proven ways of motivating employees is the reduction of turnover in the workplace. Reducing turnover creates cohesion and trust among the employees. Reduction of turnover also helps to maximize potential through reduction of the costs of retaining valuable employees. When the numbers of employees are at an optimum level, the rate of performance increases. This means that hardworking and promising employees within an organization should be retained while the unproductive employees should be dismissed. Arguably, it is evident that employees who leave their employment have the reason of being unmotivated and unsatisfied. Good leadership would solve these problems while helping to improve performance in the long run. However, the individual who displays a sense of pride complimented with self-motivation is the most valued employee and a key contributor to the success of any organization. (Advameg, 2012). Operating a successful business is by no means any easy task. For lack of a better analogy, it’s like a well-oiled machine. All the pieces have to be working together and each piece doing its fair share of the work. If one were to go down, then the others have to pick up the slack for the malfunctioning section. In business, each position has to be working together to achieve successful financial as well as intangibly. If not, then a company could very well be on the path to failure.